koolstof — C
Het chemische element koolstof is een element van het type Overig niet-metaal met symbool C. Het heeft een atoommassa van 12.0112 u en een elektronenconfiguratie [He] 2s2 2p2.
Synthétique
Radioactif
Liquide
Gaz
Diagram van elektronenconfiguratie
kenmerken
- Atoomnummer
- 6
- Atoommassa
- 12.0112
- Symbool
- C
- Smeltpunt
- 3550
- Kookpunt
- 4827
- Dichtheid
- 2.267
- Periode
- 2
- Groep
- 14
- Ontdekking
- 0 Prehistoric
- Overvloed
- 200
- Straal
- 0.91
- Elektronegativiteit
- 2.55
- Ionisatie
- 11.2603
- Isotoop
- 7
- Elektronenconfiguratie
- [He] 2s2 2p2
- Oxidatietoestand
- -4,-3,-2,-1,1,2,3,4
- Elektron
- 2,4
Koolstof is een chemisch element dat essentieel is voor het leven en voor de vervaardiging van allerlei soorten producten. Het wordt weergegeven door het symbool C en wordt in overvloed in het milieu aangetroffen als organische koolstof (zoals in steenkool, koolwaterstoffen, enz.) en in anorganische vorm (als kooldioxide [CO2], koolmonoxidekoolstof [CO], enz.). Het is een essentieel onderdeel van het georganiseerde leven op aarde.
koolstof is kleurloos, geurloos en combineert met andere elementen om organische en anorganische verbindingen te vormen. Het wordt beschouwd als een van de drie elementen die een grote rol spelen in de organische chemie (samen met waterstof en zuurstof). koolstof bindt zich met zichzelf en andere elementen om moleculen te vormen waarvan de eigenschappen worden bepaald door het type binding tussen de koolstofatomen.
koolstof is een veelzijdig element en de moleculen die het vormt kunnen verschillende eigenschappen hebben. De belangrijkste eigenschappen van koolstof zijn elektrische geleidbaarheid, thermische weerstand en het vermogen om vocht op te nemen. Producten gemaakt van koolstof worden veel gebruikt in de industrie en in het dagelijks leven. De belangrijkste op koolstof gebaseerde producten zijn brandstoffen, kunststoffen, kleurstoffen, inkten, staal, textiel en chemicaliën voor cosmetica en medicijnen.
koolstof is ook een belangrijk element voor de productie en opslag van energie. koolstof wordt gebruikt om energie op te wekken in elektriciteitscentrales en kan worden opgeslagen in de vorm van kolen, aardgas en olie. Fossiele brandstoffen kunnen worden omgezet in energie uit de koolstof die ze bevatten. koolstof kan ook worden opgeslagen in de vorm van biomassa (organisch plantaardig of dierlijk materiaal), kooldioxide of op koolstof gebaseerde chemicaliën.
Mineralen die koolstof bevatten
| voornaam | Hardheid | Dichtheid | Chemische formule |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abelsonite | — | 1.45 | NiC31H32N4 |
| Abenakiite-(Ce) | — | 3.21 | Na26Ce6(SiO3)6(PO4)6(CO3)6(SO2)O |
| Acetamide | — | 1.17 | CH3CONH2 |
| Adamsite-(Y) | — | 0.00 | NaY(CO3)2·6H2O |
| Aerinite | — | 2.48 | (Ca,Na)6(Fe3+,Fe2+,Mg,Al)4(Al,Mg)6[Si12O36(OH)12](CO3)·12H2O |
| Afghanite | — | 2.55 | Na22Ca10(Si24Al24)O96(SO4)6Cl6 |
| Agaite | — | 6.99 | Pb3Cu2+Te6+O5(OH)2(CO3) |
| Agricolaite | — | 3.53 | K4(UO2)(CO3)3 |
| Albrechtschraufite | — | 2.60 | Ca4Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6F2·17H2O |
| Alexkhomyakovite | — | 0.00 | K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl·6H2O |
| Alloriite | — | 2.35 | (Na,K,Ca)24(Na,Ca)4Ca4(Si,Al)48O96(SO4)4(SO3,CO3)2(OH,Cl)2·4(H2O,OH) |
| Alstonite | — | 3.69 | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| Alumohydrocalcite | — | 2.23 | CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·3H2O |
| Amber | — | 1.10 | C10H16O |
| Ammoniet | — | 3.20 | CaCO3 |
| Ancylite-(Ce) | — | 3.90 | CeSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O |
| Ancylite-(La) | — | 3.88 | LaSr(CO3)2(OH)·H2O |
| Andersonite | — | 2.79 | Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3·6H2O |
| Ankerite | — | 3.00 | CaFe2+(CO3)2 |
| Antipinite | — | 2.55 | KNa3Cu2(C2O4)4 |
| Aragoniet | — | 2.93 | CaCO3 |
| Arisite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | NaCe2(CO3)2[(CO3)1-xF2x]F |
| Arisite-(La) | — | 4.07 | NaLa2(CO3)2[(CO3)1-xF2x]F |
| Armangite | — | 4.43 | Mn2+26As3+18O50(CO3)(OH)4 |
| Artinite | — | 2.00 | Mg2CO3(OH)2·3H2O |
| Ashburtonite | — | 4.69 | HPb4Cu4(Si4O12)(HCO3)4(OH)4Cl |
| Ashcroftine-(Y) | — | 2.61 | K5Na5Y12Si28O70(OH)2(CO3)8·8H2O |
| Astrocyanite-(Ce) | — | 3.80 | Cu2Ce2(UO2)(CO3)5(OH)2·1.5H2O |
| Aurichalcite | — | 3.64 | (Zn,Cu2+)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Azuriet | — | 3.77 | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Balliranoite | — | 0.00 | (Na,K)6Ca2(Si6Al6O24)Cl2(CO3) |
| Barbertonite | — | 2.10 | Mg6Cr2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O |
| Barentsite | — | 2.56 | Na7Al(CO3)2(HCO3)2F4 |
| Barringtonite | — | 2.83 | MgCO3·2H2O |
| Barstowite | — | 5.50 | Pb4CO3Cl6·H2O |
| Barytocalcite | — | 3.64 | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| Bastnäsite-(Ce) | — | 4.95 | CeCO3F |
| Bastnäsite-(La) | — | 4.95 | LaCO3F |
| Bastnäsite-(Nd) | — | 5.23 | NdCO3F |
| Bastnäsite-(Y) | — | 4.90 | YCO3F |
| Bayleyite | — | 2.05 | Mg2(UO2)(CO3)3·18H2O |
| Baylissite | — | 2.00 | K2Mg(CO3)2·4H2O |
| Benstonite | — | 3.60 | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| Beyerite | — | 6.56 | CaBi2O2(CO3)2 |
| Bijvoetite-(Y) | — | 3.90 | Y8(UO2)16O8(CO3)16(OH)8·39H2O |
| Biraite-(Ce) | — | 4.76 | Ce2Fe2+Si2O7(CO3) |
| Birunite | — | 2.36 | Ca18(SiO3)8.5(CO3)8.5SO4·15H2O |
| Bismutite | — | 7.00 | Bi2O2(CO3) |
| Blatonite | — | 3.99 | UO2CO3·H2O |
| Bonshtedtite | — | 2.95 | Na3Fe2+(PO4)(CO3) |
| Borcarite | — | 2.77 | Ca4MgB4O6(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Bosoite | — | 0.00 | SiO2·nCxH2x+2 |
| Bradleyite | — | 2.73 | Na3Mg(PO4)(CO3) |
| Braunerite | — | 0.00 | K2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3·6H2O |
| Brenkite | — | 3.10 | Ca2(CO3)F2 |
| Brianyoungite | — | 3.93 | Zn3CO3(OH)4 |
| Britvinite | — | 5.51 | Pb14Mg9Si10O28(BO3)4(CO3)2F2(OH)12 |
| Brugnatellite | — | 2.14 | Mg6Fe3+CO3(OH)13·4H2O |
| Burbankite | — | 3.50 | (Na,Ca)3(Sr,Ba,Ce)3(CO3)5 |
| Burkeite | — | 2.57 | Na4(SO4)(CO3) |
| Bussenite | — | 3.63 | Na2Ba2Fe2+TiSi2O7(CO3)O(OH)F·H2O |
| Bütschliite | — | 2.00 | K2Ca(CO3)2 |
| Calciet | — | 2.71 | CaCO3 |
| Calcioancylite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | (Ce,Ca,Sr)CO3(OH,H2O) |
| Calcioancylite-(Nd) | — | 0.00 | Nd2.8Ca1.2(CO3)4(OH)3·H2O |
| Calcioburbankite | — | 3.45 | Na3(Ca,Ce,Sr,La)3(CO3)5 |
| Calclacite | — | 1.00 | Ca(CH3COO)Cl·5H2O |
| Caledonite | — | 5.70 | Cu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6 |
| Calkinsite-(Ce) | — | 3.27 | Ce2(CO3)3·4H2O |
| Callaghanite | — | 2.71 | Cu2Mg2CO3(OH)6·2H2O |
| Camérolaite | — | 3.10 | Cu6Al3(OH)18(H2O)2[Sb(OH)6](SO4) |
| Canavesite | — | 1.80 | Mg2(HBO3)(CO3)·5H2O |
| Cancrinite | — | 2.40 | (Na,Ca)8(Al6Si6)O24(CO3,SO4)2·2H2O |
| Cancrisilite | — | 2.40 | Na7(Si7Al5)O24(CO3)·3H2O |
| Caoxite | — | 1.85 | CaC2O4·3H2O |
| Carboborite | — | 2.12 | Ca2Mg[B(OH)4]2(CO3)2·4H2O |
| Carbobystrite | — | 2.37 | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(CO3)·4H2O |
| Carbocernaite | — | 3.53 | (Sr,Ce,La)(Ca,Na)(CO3)2 |
| Carbokentbrooksite | — | 3.14 | (Na)12(Na,Ce)3Ca6Mn3Zr3NbSi25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O |
| Carbonate-fluorapatite | — | 3.12 | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,OH,O) |
| Carbonate-hydroxylapatite | — | 3.00 | Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(OH,F,O) |
| Carbonatecyanotrichite | — | 2.65 | Cu4Al2CO3(OH)12·2H2O |
| Carborandiet | — | — | SiC |
| Caresite | — | 2.57 | Fe2+4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O |
| Carletonite | — | 2.45 | KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(F,OH)·H2O |
| Carpathite | — | 1.29 | C24H12 |
| Carraraite | — | 0.00 | Ca3Ge(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O |
| Carrboydite | — | 2.50 | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2·nH2O (x<0.5, n>3x/2) |
| Caysichite-(Y) | — | 3.03 | (Ca,Yb,Er)4Y4Si8O20(CO3)6(OH)·7H2O |
| Cebaite-(Ce) | — | 4.81 | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| Cebaite-(Nd) | — | 4.80 | Ba3Nd2(CO3)5F2 |
| Cejkaite | — | 3.67 | Na4UO2(CO3)3 |
| Cerusite | — | 6.50 | PbCO3 |
| Chalconatronite | — | 2.27 | Na2Cu(CO3)2·3H2O |
| Chanabayaite | — | 1.46 | CuCl(N3C2H2)(NH3)·0.25H2O |
| Chaoite | — | 3.33 | C |
| Charmarite | — | 0.00 | Mn4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O |
| Chibaite | — | 1.93 | SiO2·n(CH4,C2H6,C3H8,C4H10); (nmax = 3/17) |
| Chlorartinite | — | 1.87 | Mg2CO3Cl(OH)·2.5H2O |
| Chlormagaluminite | — | 1.98 | Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2·2H2O |
| Chukanovite | — | 3.60 | Fe2CO3(OH)2 |
| Claraite | — | 3.35 | Cu2+3CO3(OH)4·4H2O |
| Clearcreekite | — | 0.00 | Hg1+3(CO3)(OH)·2H2O |
| CO3-SO4 - hydrotalcite - 18.5 | — | 0.00 | Mg8Al4(OH)24·Na0.5(SO4)1.25CO3·9H2O |
| Coalingite | — | 2.33 | Mg10Fe3+2CO3(OH)24·2H2O |
| Cohenite | — | 7.20 | Fe3C |
| Comblainite | — | 3.05 | Ni4Co3+2CO3(OH)12·3H2O |
| Cordylite-(Ce) | — | 4.44 | (Na,Ca)BaCe2(CO3)4(F,O) |
| Cordylite-(La) | — | 4.33 | NaCaBa2La3Sr(CO3)8F2 |
| Coskrenite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | Ce2(SO4)2(C2O4)·8H2O |
| Crawfordite | — | 3.05 | Na3Sr(PO4)(CO3) |
| Daqingshanite-(Ce) | — | 3.81 | Sr3CePO4(CO3)3 |
| Dashkovaite | — | 1.74 | Mg(HCOO)2·2H2O |
| Dawsonite | — | 2.40 | NaAlCO3(OH)2 |
| Decrespignyite-(Y) | — | 3.64 | Y4Cu(CO3)4Cl(OH)5·2H2O |
| Defernite | — | 2.50 | Ca6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42] |
| Delvauxite | — | 1.80 | CaFe3+4(PO4)2(OH)8·4-5H2O |
| Depmeierite | — | 2.31 | Na8(Al6Si6O24)(PO4,CO3)1-x·3H2O; (x<0.5) |
| Desautelsite | — | 2.13 | Mg6Mn3+2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Deveroite-(Ce) | — | 2.35 | Ce2(C2O4)3·10H2O |
| Devitoite | — | 4.04 | [Ba6(PO4)2(CO3)][Fe2+7Fe3+2(SiO3)8O2(OH)4] |
| Diamond | — | 3.50 | C |
| Dinite | — | 1.01 | C20H36 |
| Dolomite | — | 2.80 | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| Donnayite-(Y) | — | 3.30 | NaSr3CaY(CO3)6·3H2O |
| Dresserite | — | 2.96 | Ba2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8·3H2O |
| Dundasite | — | 3.41 | PbAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O |
| Dypingite | — | 2.15 | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O |
| Earlandite | — | 1.95 | Ca3(C6H5O7)2·4H2O |
| Eitelite | — | 2.74 | Na2Mg(CO3)2 |
| Ernstburkeite | — | 1.36 | Mg(CH3SO3)2·12H2O |
| Evenkite | — | 0.87 | C23H48 |
| Ewaldite | — | 3.25 | Ba(Na,Ca,Y,Ce,K)(CO3)2·2.6H2O |
| Ewingite | — | 0.00 | Mg8Ca8(UO2)24(CO3)30O4(OH)12·138H2O |
| Fairchildite | — | 2.45 | K2Ca(CO3)2 |
| Falottaite | — | 0.00 | MnC2O4·3H2O |
| Fassinaite | — | 6.08 | Pb2(CO3)(S2O3) |
| Fencooperite | — | 0.00 | Ba6Fe3+3Si8O23(CO3)2Cl3·H2O |
| Ferrisurite | — | 4.00 | Pb2.4Fe3+2Si4O10(CO3)1.7(OH)3·nH2O |
| Ferrotychite | — | 2.79 | Na6Fe2+2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Fichtelite | — | 1.03 | C19H34 |
| Flagstaffite | — | 1.09 | C10H22O3 |
| Fontanite | — | 4.10 | Ca(UO2)3(CO3)2O2·6H2O |
| Formicaite | — | 1.90 | Ca(CHOO)2 |
| Fougèrite | — | 0.00 | Fe2+4Fe3+2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O |
| Fukalite | — | 2.77 | Ca4Si2O6(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Fullerite | — | 1.90 | C60 |
| Galgenbergite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | CaCe2(CO3)4·H2O |
| Galuskinite | — | 3.10 | Ca7(SiO4)3(CO3) |
| Gartrellite | — | 5.00 | PbCuFe3+(AsO4)2(OH)·H2O |
| Gaspéite | — | 3.71 | NiCO3 |
| Gaudefroyite | — | 3.35 | Ca4Mn3+3(BO3)3(CO3)O3 |
| Gaylussite | — | 1.93 | Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O |
| Georgeite | — | 2.55 | Cu2CO3(OH)2 |
| Giorgiosite | — | 2.16 | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·5H2O |
| Girvasite | — | 2.46 | NaCa2Mg3(PO4)2[PO2(OH)2]CO3(OH)2·4H2O |
| Glaukosphaerite | — | 3.78 | CuNiCO3(OH)2 |
| Glushinskite | — | 1.85 | MgC2O4·2H2O |
| Golyshevite | — | 2.89 | Na10Ca9Zr3Fe2SiNb(Si3O9)2(Si9O27)2(OH)3(CO3)·H2O |
| Graphite | — | 2.09 | C |
| Gregoryite | — | 2.27 | Na2CO3 |
| Grimselite | — | 3.30 | K3Na(UO2)(CO3)3·H2O |
| Grootfonteinite | — | 0.00 | Pb3O(CO3)2 |
| Guanine | — | 1.49 | C5H3(NH2)N4O |
| Gysinite-(Nd) | — | 4.82 | PbNd(CO3)2(OH)·H2O |
| Hanjiangite | — | 3.78 | Ba2Ca(V3+Al)(AlSi3O10)(OH)2F(CO3)2 |
| Hanksite | — | 2.50 | KNa22(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl |
| Harkerite | — | 2.96 | Ca12Mg4Al(SiO4)4(BO3)3(CO3)5·H2O |
| Hartite | — | 1.04 | C20H34 |
| Hauckite | — | 3.02 | Fe3+3Mg24Zn18(SO4)4(CO3)2(OH)81 |
| Haxonite | — | 7.70 | (Fe,Ni)23C6 |
| Hellyerite | — | 1.97 | NiCO3·6H2O |
| Heneuite | — | 3.02 | CaMg5(PO4)3(CO3)(OH) |
| Hizenite-(Y) | — | 2.98 | Ca2Y6(CO3)11·14H2O |
| Hoelite | — | 1.42 | C14H8O2 |
| Hoganite | — | 0.00 | Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O |
| Holdawayite | — | 3.19 | Mn2+6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH) |
| Holtedahlite | — | 2.94 | Mg12(PO3OH,CO3)(PO4)5(OH,O)6 |
| Horváthite-(Y) | — | 3.58 | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| Huanghoite-(Ce) | — | 4.51 | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| Humboldtine | — | 2.28 | Fe2+C2O4·2H2O |
| Huntite | — | 2.70 | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| Hydrocalumite | — | 2.15 | Ca4Al2(OH)12(Cl,CO3,OH)2·4H2O |
| Hydrocerussite | — | 6.80 | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Hydrodresserite | — | 2.80 | BaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·3H2O |
| Hydromagnesite | — | 2.16 | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O |
| Hydroscarbroite | — | 0.00 | Al14(CO3)3(OH)36·nH2O |
| Hydrotalcite | — | 2.06 | Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Hydroxycancrinite | — | 2.32 | (Na,Ca,K)8(Al6Si6O24)(OH,CO3)2·2H2O |
| Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | — | 4.75 | CeCO3(OH) |
| Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | — | 4.70 | LaCO3(OH) |
| Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | — | 0.00 | NdCO3(OH) |
| Hydrozincite | — | 3.20 | Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Idrialite | — | 1.24 | C22H14 |
| Iimoriite-(Y) | — | 4.47 | Y2(SiO4)(CO3) |
| Ikaite | — | 1.77 | CaCO3·6H2O |
| Imayoshiite | — | 0.00 | Ca3Al(CO3)[B(OH)4](OH)6·12H2O |
| Indigirite | — | 1.60 | Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2·15H2O |
| Isovite | — | 7.40 | (Cr,Fe)23C6 |
| Ježekite | — | 2.97 | Na8[(UO2)(CO3)3](SO4)2·3H2O |
| Joanneumite | — | 2.02 | Cu(C3N3O3H2)2(NH3)2 |
| Johnsenite-(Ce) | — | 3.20 | Na12Ce3Ca6Mn3Zr3WSi25O73(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Joliotite | — | 4.55 | (UO2)(CO3)·2H2O |
| Jörgkellerite | — | 0.00 | (Na)3Mn3+3(PO4)2(CO3)(O,OH)2·5H2O |
| Jouravskite | — | 1.95 | Ca3Mn4+(SO4)(CO3)(OH)6·12H2O |
| Juangodoyite | — | 2.98 | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
| Julienite | — | 1.65 | Na2Co(SCN)4·8H2O |
| Kafehydrocyanite | — | 1.98 | K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O |
| Kainosite-(Y) | — | 3.40 | Ca2Y2(SiO3)4(CO3)·H2O |
| Kalicinite | — | 2.17 | KHCO3 |
| Kambaldaite | — | 3.18 | NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3·3H2O |
| Kamotoite-(Y) | — | 3.93 | Y2O4(UO2)4(CO3)3·14H2O |
| Kampfite | — | 3.45 | Ba12(Si11Al5)O31(CO3)8Cl5 |
| Kamphaugite-(Y) | — | 3.19 | Ca2Y2(CO3)4(OH)2·3H2O |
| Karchevskyite | — | 2.21 | [Mg18Al9(OH)54][Sr2(CO3,PO4)9(H2O,H3O)11] |
| Kegelite | — | 4.46 | Pb4Al2Si4O10(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)4 |
| Kettnerite | — | 5.80 | CaBiO(CO3)F |
| Khamrabaevite | — | 10.01 | (Ti,V,Fe)C |
| Khanneshite | — | 3.80 | (Na,Ca)3(Ba,Sr,Ce,Ca)3(CO3)5 |
| Kihlmanite-(Ce) | — | 3.69 | Ce2TiO2(SiO4)(HCO3)2·H2O |
| Kimrobinsonite | — | 6.00 | Ta(OH)3(O,CO3) |
| Kimuraite-(Y) | — | 2.60 | CaY2(CO3)4·6H2O |
| Kladnoite | — | 1.47 | C6H4(CO)2NH |
| kobaltcalciet | — | 2.93 | CaCo3 |
| Kochsándorite | — | 2.49 | CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O |
| Kolwezite | — | 3.97 | CuCoCO3(OH)2 |
| Kovdorskite | — | 2.60 | Mg2PO4(OH)·3H2O |
| Kozoite-(La) | — | 4.16 | LaCO3(OH) |
| Kozoite-(Nd) | — | 4.77 | NdCO3(OH) |
| Krasnovite | — | 3.70 | Ba(Al,Mg)(PO4,CO3)(OH)2·H2O |
| Kratochvílite | — | 1.21 | C13H10 |
| Krieselite | — | 4.07 | Al2GeO4(OH)2 |
| Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | — | 4.61 | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| Kukharenkoite-(La) | — | 4.65 | Ba2La(CO3)3F |
| Kutnohorite | — | 3.10 | CaMn2+(CO3)2 |
| Kyanoxalite | — | 0.00 | Na7(Al5-6Si6-7O24)(C2O4)0.5-1.0·5H2O |
| Lansfordite | — | 1.70 | MgCO3·5H2O |
| Lanthanite-(Ce) | — | 2.76 | Ce2(CO3)3·8H2O |
| Lanthanite-(La) | — | 2.61 | La2(CO3)3·8H2O |
| Lanthanite-(Nd) | — | 2.81 | Nd2(CO3)3·8H2O |
| Latiumite | — | 2.93 | (Ca,K)4(Si,Al)5O11(SO4,CO3) |
| Lazuursteen | — | 2.50 | (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(SO4,S,Cl,OH)2 |
| Leadhillite | — | 6.26 | Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Lecoqite-(Y) | — | 2.36 | Na3Y(CO3)3·6H2O |
| Leószilárdite | — | 0.00 | Na6Mg(UO2)2(CO3)6·6H2O |
| Lepersonnite-(Gd) | — | 3.97 | CaGd2(UO2)24(CO3)8Si4O28·60H2O |
| Levinsonite-(Y) | — | 2.18 | YAl(SO4)2(C2O4)·12H2O |
| Liebigite | — | 2.41 | Ca2(UO2)(CO3)3·11H2O |
| Lindbergite | — | 2.10 | MnC2O4·2H2O |
| Línekite | — | 0.00 | K2Ca3[(UO2)(CO3)3]2·7H2O |
| Liottite | — | 2.56 | Na16Ca8Si18Al18O72(SO4)5Cl4 |
| Lokkaite-(Y) | — | 2.92 | CaY4(CO3)7·9H2O |
| Lonsdaleite | — | 3.30 | C |
| Loseyite | — | 3.27 | Mn2+7(CO3)2(OH)10 |
| Lukechangite-(Ce) | — | 3.97 | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| Lusernaite-(Y) | — | 2.81 | Y4Al(CO3)2(OH)10F·6H2O |
| Macphersonite | — | 6.50 | Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Magnesite | — | 3.00 | MgCO3 |
| Malachiet | — | 3.60 | Cu2CO3(OH)2 |
| Manasseite | — | 2.05 | Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Manganocalcite | — | 2.71 | CaCO3 |
| Manganotychite | — | 2.70 | Na6Mn2+2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Marklite | — | 0.00 | Cu5(CO3)2(OH)6·6H2O |
| Mcguinnessite | — | 3.02 | CuMgCO3(OH)2 |
| Mckelveyite-(Nd) | — | 3.47 | NaCaBa3Nd(CO3)6·nH2O |
| Mckelveyite-(Y) | — | 3.47 | NaBa3(Ca,U)Y(CO3)6·3H2O |
| Meionite | — | 2.66 | (Ca,Na)4(Si,Al)12O24(CO3,SO4,Cl) |
| Melanophlogite | — | 1.99 | C2H17O5·Si46O92 |
| Mellite | — | 1.55 | Al2C6(COO)6·16H2O |
| Mereheadite | — | 7.12 | Pb47O24(OH)13Cl25(BO3)2(CO3) |
| Metazellerite | — | 3.41 | Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·3H2O |
| Meurigite-K | — | 2.96 | [K(H2O)2.5][Fe3+8(PO4)6(OH)7]·4H2O |
| Micheelsenite | — | 2.15 | (Ca,Y)3Al(PO3OH)CO3(OH)6·12H2O |
| Middlebackite | — | 0.00 | Cu2C2O4(OH)2 |
| Mineevite-(Y) | — | 2.85 | Na25BaY2(CO3)11(HCO3)4(SO4)2F2Cl |
| Minguzzite | — | 2.09 | K3Fe3+(C2O4)3·3H2O |
| Minrecordite | — | 3.45 | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| Mogovidite | — | 2.90 | Na9(Ca,Na)12Fe2Zr3Si25O72(CO3)(OH)4 |
| Moissanite | — | 3.22 | SiC |
| Molybdophyllite | — | 4.70 | Pb8Mg9[Si10O30(OH)8(CO3)3]·H2O |
| Monohydrocalcite | — | 2.38 | CaCO3·H2O |
| Montroyalite | — | 2.67 | Sr4Al8(CO3)3(OH)26·10H2O |
| Moolooite | — | 3.43 | CuC2O4·nH2O |
| Mosesite | — | 7.72 | Hg2N(Cl,SO4,MoO4,CO3)·H2O |
| Mössbauerite | — | 2.95 | Fe3+3O2(OH)4(CO3)0.5·1.5H2O |
| Motukoreaite | — | 1.48 | [Mg6Al3(OH)18][Na0.6(SO4,CO3)2·12H2O] |
| Mountkeithite | — | 2.12 | Mg11Fe3+3(SO4)3.5(OH)24·11H2O |
| Moydite-(Y) | — | 3.13 | YB(OH)4CO3 |
| Mroseite | — | 4.35 | CaTe4+O2(CO3) |
| Nahcolite | — | 2.21 | NaHCO3 |
| Nakauriite | — | 2.39 | Cu8(SO4)4(CO3)(OH)6·48H2O |
| Nasledovite | — | 3.07 | PbMn2+3Al4O5(SO4)(CO3)4·5H2O |
| Natrite | — | 2.54 | Na2CO3 |
| Natron | — | 1.42 | Na2CO3·10H2O |
| Natroxalate | — | 2.32 | Na2C2O4 |
| Nesquehonite | — | 1.83 | MgCO3·3H2O |
| Niksergievite | — | 3.16 | Ba2Al3(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)(OH)6·nH2O |
| Niobocarbide | — | 10.25 | NbC |
| Niveolanite | — | 0.00 | NaBeCO3(OH)·2H2O |
| Norsethite | — | 3.84 | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| Northupite | — | 2.38 | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
| Novgorodovaite | — | 2.38 | Ca2(C2O4)Cl2·2H2O |
| Nullaginite | — | 3.56 | Ni2CO3(OH)2 |
| Numanoite | — | 2.96 | Ca4CuB4O6(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Nyerereite | — | 2.54 | Na2Ca(CO3)2 |
| Olekminskite | — | 3.70 | Sr2(CO3)2 |
| Oswaldpeetersite | — | 4.55 | (UO2)2CO3(OH)2·4H2O |
| Otavite | — | 5.03 | CdCO3 |
| Otwayite | — | 3.41 | Ni2CO3(OH)2·H2O |
| Oxammite | — | 1.50 | (NH4)2C2O4·H2O |
| Paceite | — | 0.00 | CaCu(CH3COO)2·6H2O |
| Para-alumohydrocalcite | — | 2.00 | CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·6H2O |
| Parádsasvárite | — | 0.00 | Zn2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| Paralstonite | — | 3.60 | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| Paraotwayite | — | 3.30 | Ni(OH)2-x(SO4,CO3)0.5x |
| Paraspurrite | — | 3.00 | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| Paratooite-(La) | — | 0.00 | (La,Ca,Na,Sr)6Cu(CO3)8 |
| Parisite-(Ce) | — | 4.36 | CaCe2(CO3)3F2 |
| Parisite-(La) | — | 0.00 | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| Parisite-(Nd) | — | 4.20 | CaNd2(CO3)3F2 |
| Parwanite | — | 0.00 | NaMg4Al8(PO4)8(CO3)(OH)7·30H2O |
| Peatite-(Y) | — | 3.62 | LiNa3(Y,Na,Ca,HREE)3(PO4)3(CO3)(F,OH)2 |
| Peterbaylissite | — | 7.14 | Hg3CO3(OH)·2H2O |
| Petersenite-(Ce) | — | 3.69 | Na4Ce2(CO3)5 |
| Petterdite | — | 3.97 | PbCr2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O |
| Philolithite | — | 5.91 | Pb12O6Mn(Mg,Mn)2(Mn,Mg)4(SO4)(CO3)4Cl4(OH)12 |
| Phosgenite | — | 6.00 | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
| Phosphoellenbergerite | — | 3.00 | (Mg)2Mg12(PO4,PO3OH)6(PO3OH,CO3)2(OH)6 |
| Phylloretine | — | 1.00 | C18H18 |
| Pigotite | — | 0.00 | Al4C6H5O10·13H2O(?) |
| Pirssonite | — | 2.35 | Na2Ca(CO3)2·2H2O |
| Plumbonacrite | — | 7.07 | Pb5(CO3)3O(OH)2 |
| Podlesnoite | — | 3.62 | Ca2Ba(CO3)2F2 |
| Pokrovskite | — | 2.51 | Mg2CO3(OH)2 |
| Putnisite | — | 2.23 | SrCa4Cr3+8(CO3)8SO4(OH)16·25H2O |
| Pyroaurite | — | 2.07 | Mg6Fe3+2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| Qilianshanite | — | 1.71 | NaH4(CO3)(BO3)·2H2O |
| Quintinite | — | 0.00 | Mg4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O |
| Quintinite-3T | — | 2.14 | Mg4Al2(OH)12CO3·3H2O |
| Qusongite | — | 15.84 | WC |
| Rabbittite | — | 2.57 | Ca3Mg3(UO2)2(CO3)6(OH)4·18H2O |
| Ramikite-(Y) | — | 3.60 | Li2Na6(Y,Ca,REE)3Zr3(PO4)6(CO3)2O2(OH,F)2 |
| Rapidcreekite | — | 2.21 | Ca2(SO4)(CO3)·4H2O |
| Ravatite | — | 1.11 | C14H10 |
| Reederite-(Y) | — | 2.91 | (Na,Mn)15Y2(CO3)9(SO3F)Cl |
| Reevesite | — | 2.80 | Ni6Fe3+2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Refikite | — | 1.09 | C20H32O2 |
| Rémondite-(Ce) | — | 3.43 | Na3(Ce,La,Ca,Na,Sr)3(CO3)5 |
| Rémondite-(La) | — | 3.50 | Na3(La,Ce,Ca)3(CO3)5 |
| Rhodochrosite | — | 3.69 | MnCO3 |
| Röntgenite-(Ce) | — | 4.19 | Ca2Ce3(CO3)5F3 |
| Rosasite | — | 4.00 | CuZnCO3(OH)2 |
| Rosenhahnite | — | 2.89 | Ca3Si3O8(OH)2 |
| Roubaultite | — | 5.02 | Cu2O2(UO2)3(CO3)2(OH)2·4H2O |
| Rouvilleite | — | 2.67 | Na3CaMn2+(CO3)3F |
| Rutherfordine | — | 5.70 | (UO2)CO3 |
| Sabinaite | — | 3.36 | Na4TiZr2O4(CO3)4 |
| Sacrofanite | — | 2.42 | (Na,Ca)9(Si,Al)12O24(OH,SO4,CO3,Cl)4·nH2O |
| Sahamalite-(Ce) | — | 4.30 | Ce2Mg(CO3)4 |
| Sailaufite | — | 0.00 | (Ca,Na)2Mn3+3O2(AsO4)2CO3·3H2O |
| Sakhaite | — | 2.78 | Ca48Mg16Al(SiO3OH)4(CO3)16(BO3)28·(H2O)3(HCl)3 |
| Sanrománite | — | 5.20 | Na2CaPb3(CO3)5 |
| Sarcolite | — | 2.91 | Na4Ca12Al8Si12O46(SiO4,PO4)(OH,H2O)4(CO3,Cl) |
| Scarbroite | — | 1.85 | Al5(CO3)(OH)13·5H2O |
| Scawtite | — | 2.77 | Ca7(Si3O9)2(CO3)·2H2O |
| Schröckingerite | — | 2.55 | NaCa3(UO2)(SO4)(CO3)3F·10H2O |
| Schuilingite-(Nd) | — | 5.20 | CuPbNd(CO3)3(OH)·1.5H2O |
| Schulenbergite | — | 3.28 | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10·3H2O |
| Sclarite | — | 3.51 | Zn7(CO3)2(OH)10 |
| Scutella | — | — | — |
| Sergeevite | — | 2.20 | Ca2Mg11(CO3)9(HCO3)4(OH)4·6H2O |
| Shabaite-(Nd) | — | 3.13 | CaNd2(UO2)(CO3)4(OH)2·6H2O |
| Shannonite | — | 9.31 | Pb2O(CO3) |
| Sharpite | — | 4.45 | Ca(UO2)6(CO3)5(OH)4·6H2O |
| Sheldrickite | — | 2.86 | NaCa3(CO3)2F3·H2O |
| Shomiokite-(Y) | — | 2.52 | Na3Y(CO3)3·3H2O |
| Shortite | — | 2.60 | Na2Ca2(CO3)3 |
| Shungite | — | 2.25 | 80C60 |
| Siderite | — | 3.96 | FeCO3 |
| Sidorenkite | — | 2.90 | Na3Mn(PO4)(CO3) |
| Silvialite | — | 2.75 | Ca4Al6Si6O24(SO4) |
| Simonellite | — | 1.08 | C19H24 |
| Sjögrenite | — | 2.11 | Mg6Fe3+2(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O |
| Skorpionite | — | 3.15 | Ca3Zn2(PO4)2CO3(OH)2·H2O |
| Smithsonite | — | 4.40 | ZnCO3 |
| Spherocobaltite | — | 4.21 | CoCO3 |
| Spurrite | — | 3.00 | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| Stenonite | — | 3.86 | Sr2Al(CO3)F5 |
| Stepanovite | — | 1.69 | NaMgFe3+(C2O4)3·8-9H2O |
| Stichtite | — | 2.20 | Mg6Cr2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Strontianite | — | 3.78 | SrCO3 |
| Strontiodresserite | — | 2.71 | SrAl2(CO3)2(OH)4·H2O |
| Surite | — | 4.00 | (Pb,Ca)3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(CO3)2(OH)3·0.3H2O |
| Susannite | — | 6.55 | Pb4(SO4)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Swartzite | — | 2.30 | CaMg(UO2)(CO3)3·12H2O |
| Synchysite-(Ce) | — | 3.90 | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| Synchysite-(Nd) | — | 4.21 | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| Synchysite-(Y) | — | 3.89 | CaY(CO3)2F |
| Szymanskiite | — | 4.00 | Hg16Ni6(CO3)12(OH)12(H3O)8·3H2O |
| Takovite | — | 2.80 | Ni6Al2CO3(OH)16·4H2O |
| Tantalcarbide | — | 14.50 | TaC |
| Tatarskite | — | 2.34 | Ca6Mg2(SO4)2(CO3)2(OH)4Cl4·7H2O |
| Tengerite-(Y) | — | 3.12 | Y2(CO3)3·2-3H2O |
| Teschemacherite | — | 1.58 | (NH4)HCO3 |
| Thaumasite | — | 1.88 | Ca3Si(OH)6(SO4)(CO3)·12H2O |
| Thermonatrite | — | 2.26 | Na2CO3·H2O |
| Thomasclarkite-(Y) | — | 2.30 | NaY(HCO3)(OH)3·4H2O |
| Thorbastnäsite | — | 4.04 | ThCa(CO3)2F2·3H2O |
| Thorneite | — | 0.00 | Pb6(Te2O10)(CO3)Cl2·H2O |
| Tilleyite | — | 2.84 | Ca5Si2O7(CO3)2 |
| Tinnunculite | — | 1.73 | C5H4N4O3·2H2O |
| Tongbaite | — | 6.00 | Cr3C2 |
| Trébeurdenite | — | 0.00 | Fe2+2Fe3+4O2(OH)10(CO3)·3H2O |
| Trona | — | 2.11 | Na3(HCO3)(CO3)·2H2O |
| Tsaregorodtsevite | — | 2.04 | N(CH3)4Si4(SiAl)O12 |
| Tuliokite | — | 3.15 | Na6BaTh(CO3)6·6H2O |
| Tundrite-(Ce) | — | 4.08 | Na2Ce2TiO2SiO4(CO3)2 |
| Tundrite-(Nd) | — | 3.70 | Na2Nd2TiO2(SiO4)(CO3)2 |
| Tunisite | — | 2.51 | NaCa2Al4(CO3)4(OH)8Cl |
| Tuscanite | — | 2.83 | KCa6(Si,Al)10O22(SO4,CO3)2(OH)·H2O |
| Tychite | — | 2.50 | Na6Mg2(CO3)4(SO4) |
| Tyrolite | — | 3.10 | Ca2Cu9(AsO4)4(CO3)(OH)8·11H2O |
| Urancalcarite | — | 4.03 | Ca(UO2)3CO3(OH)6·3H2O |
| Urea | — | 1.33 | CO(NH2)2 |
| Uricite | — | 1.85 | C5H4N4O3 |
| Vasilyevite | — | 9.57 | Hg1+20O6I3Br2Cl(CO3) |
| Vaterite | — | 2.54 | CaCO3 |
| Vishnevite | — | 2.32 | Na8(Al6Si6)O24(SO4)·2H2O |
| Voggite | — | 2.70 | Na2Zr(PO4)(CO3)(OH)·2H2O |
| Voglite | — | 2.80 | Ca2Cu(UO2)(CO3)4·6H2O |
| Wampenite | — | 0.00 | C18H16 |
| Weddellite | — | 2.02 | CaC2O4·2H2O |
| Wegscheiderite | — | 2.34 | Na5H3(CO3)4 |
| Weloganite | — | 3.22 | Na2Sr3Zr(CO3)6·3H2O |
| Wheatleyite | — | 2.27 | Na2Cu(C2O4)2·2H2O |
| Whelanite | — | 2.74 | Cu2Ca6[Si6O17(OH)](CO3)(OH)3·2H2O |
| Whewellite | — | 0.00 | CaC2O4·H2O |
| Widenmannite | — | 6.89 | Pb2UO2(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| Widgiemoolthalite | — | 3.13 | Ni5(CO3)4(OH)2·4-5H2O |
| Witherite | — | 4.30 | BaCO3 |
| Woodallite | — | 2.06 | Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O |
| Wyartite | — | 4.69 | CaU5+(UO2)2(CO3)O4(OH)·7H2O |
| Yarlongite | — | 7.19 | Cr4Fe4NiC4 |
| Zabuyelite | — | 2.09 | Li2CO3 |
| Zaccagnaite | — | 0.00 | Zn4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·3H2O |
| Zaratite | — | 2.60 | Ni3CO3(OH)4·4H2O |
| Zellerite | — | 3.25 | Ca(UO2)(CO3)2·5H2O |
| Zemkorite | — | 2.46 | Na2Ca(CO3)2 |
| Zhemchuzhnikovite | — | 1.69 | NaMgAl(C2O4)3·8H2O |
| Zhonghuacerite-(Ce) | — | 4.20 | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| Zincrosasite | — | 4.00 | (Zn,Cu2+)2CO3(OH)2 |
| Zirsilite-(Ce) | — | 3.15 | (Na)12(Ce,Na)3Ca6Mn3Zr3NbSi25O73(OH)3(CO3)·H2O |
| Znucalite | — | 3.01 | CaZn11(UO2)(CO3)3(OH)20·4H2O |
| Zugshunstite-(Ce) | — | 0.00 | CeAl(SO4)2(C2O4)·12H2O |